Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Structure matters: commensal Phocaeicola vulgatus lipopolysaccharide induces attenuated microglial activation and preserves neuronal integrity

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2026.1796397

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential effects of E. coli and P. vulgatus LPS on BV2 microglial cells. (A) BV2 cell viability after stimulation with increasing concentrations of E. coli or P. vulgatus LPS (0.1–100 ng/mL) using the MTT assay. Unstimulated cells (NS) served as negative control. (B) Immunofluorescence analysis of microglial marker Iba-1 (red) to evaluate cell morphology and number following exposure to 100 ng/mL of LPS (scale bar = 100 μm). (C) The relative number of Iba 1 + cells from the experiments in (B) , normalized to NS (set at 100%). (D) Iba-1 immunofluorescence intensity was calculated as the mean area of the positive signal per cell. (E) Nitrite quantification and (F) western blot analysis of iNOS expression. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. # p < 0.05; #### p < 0.0001 vs. NS; * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS.

Article Snippet: The murine BV2 microglial cell line (bladder carcinoma cell line-derived, viral oncogene-transformed; #305156) and the human microglial clone-3 cell line (HMC3; #300102) were purchased from Cytion Biosciences (Heidelberg, Germany).

Techniques: MTT Assay, Negative Control, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Western Blot, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Structure matters: commensal Phocaeicola vulgatus lipopolysaccharide induces attenuated microglial activation and preserves neuronal integrity

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2026.1796397

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential modulation of cytokine release and intracellular signaling in BV2 microglia. BV2 cells were treated with increasing concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) of LPS derived from E. coli or P. vulgatus . Unstimulated cells (NS) served as negative controls. (A) Cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were quantified in the culture supernatants by using ELLA assay. (B) Activation of intracellular signaling pathways (STAT3, Nf-kb, ERK1/2) was assessed by western blotting. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 vs. NS; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS.

Article Snippet: The murine BV2 microglial cell line (bladder carcinoma cell line-derived, viral oncogene-transformed; #305156) and the human microglial clone-3 cell line (HMC3; #300102) were purchased from Cytion Biosciences (Heidelberg, Germany).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Activation Assay, Protein-Protein interactions, Western Blot, Comparison

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Propranolol alleviates cerebral infarction through the β2-AR-mediated ERK/NLRP3 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Propranolol reduced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β in BV2 cells subjected to OGD/R (A) Schematic of cell experiment steps. (B) Western blot analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β in BV2 cells at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after OGD/R. (C and D) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001 versus the control group. (E) Western blot analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β in BV2 cells of different treatment groups. (F and G) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 versus the OGD/R group.

Article Snippet: The murine microglial cell line BV2 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Procell, Cat# CL-0493).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Propranolol alleviates cerebral infarction through the β2-AR-mediated ERK/NLRP3 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Blockade of β2-AR reduced the expression of NLRP3 in BV2 cells subjected to OGD/R (A) Western blot analysis of the effects of dobutamine and betaxolol on NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells. (B and C) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group. (D) Western blot analysis of salmeterol and ICI118,551 on NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells. (E and F) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 versus the OGD/R group.

Article Snippet: The murine microglial cell line BV2 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Procell, Cat# CL-0493).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Propranolol alleviates cerebral infarction through the β2-AR-mediated ERK/NLRP3 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of β2-AR induced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β via the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway (A) Western blot analysis of the effects of H-89 and U0126 on NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells. (B and C) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗∗ p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 versus the OGD/R group. (D) Western blot analysis of p -ERK1/2 expression in BV2 cells. (E) Quantitative analysis of p -ERK1/2 expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗∗ p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 versus the OGD/R group.

Article Snippet: The murine microglial cell line BV2 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Procell, Cat# CL-0493).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: NLRP3 inflammasome-related microglial pyroptosis in EcoHIV infected mice

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.29.721781

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A-C) Representative confocal images showing fluorescence signals of GSDMD + (red, A-C), NLRP3 + (red, D-F) and Caspase1 + (red, G-I) in control and EcoHIV infected BV2 microglia cells w or w/o MCC950 treatment. The green fluorescence signals of eGFP signify the EcoHIV-infected microglia in BV2 cell line in vitro . The dual-labeling of EcoHIV + /GSDMD + (C), EcoHIV + /NLRP3 + (F) and EcoHIV + /Caspase1 + (I) show the colocalization of targeted proteins in EcoHIV-infected cells. (J-L) Quantification of integrative density of HLA-DR (J), PD-1 (K) and Ki67 (L) expression in immunofluorescence-stained EcoHIV + cells, classified by HIV and MCC950 status. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; p-values determined by t -test are indicated. Scale bar, 50 µm.

Article Snippet: BV2 cell line was purchased from ATCC (Cat. No. CRL-2469, ATCC) and cultured in DMEM/F12 growth medium with 10% fetal serum at 37°C, 5% CO condition.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Control, Infection, In Vitro, Labeling, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: NLRP3 inflammasome-related microglial pyroptosis in EcoHIV infected mice

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.29.721781

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A-C) Representative confocal images showing fluorescence signals of HLA-DR + (red, A-C), PD-1 + (red, D-F) and Ki67 + (red, G-I) in control and EcoHIV-infected BV2 microglia cells with or without MCC950 treatment. The green fluorescence signals of eGFP stand for the EcoHIV-infected microglia in BV2 cell line in vitro . The dual-labeling of EcoHIV + /HLA-DR + (C), EcoHIV + /PD-1 + (F) and EcoHIV + /KI67 + (I) show the colocalization of targeted proteins in EcoHIV-infected cells. (J-L) Quantification of integrative density of HLA-DR (J), PD-1 (K) and Ki67 (L) expression in immunofluorescence-stained EcoHIV + cells, classified by HIV and MCC950 status. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; p-values determined by t -test are indicated. Scale bar, 50 µm.

Article Snippet: BV2 cell line was purchased from ATCC (Cat. No. CRL-2469, ATCC) and cultured in DMEM/F12 growth medium with 10% fetal serum at 37°C, 5% CO condition.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Control, Infection, In Vitro, Labeling, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-511-3p dysregulation-mediated AKT3/USP8 signaling imbalance: a molecular bridge between neuroinflammation and PSCI

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1766326

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulatory effects of miR-511-3p on the AKT3/USP8 in BV2 cells. (A–C) . Relative expression of miR-511-3p/AKT3/USP8 in BV2 cell model. (D) . miR-511-3p mimic promoted miR-511-3p expression. (E) . pcDNA3.1-AKT3 promoted AKT3 expression, but miR-511-3p mimic inhibited AKT3 expression, while this inhibition was rescued by pcDNA3.1-AKT3. (F) . pcDNA3.1-AKT3 inhibited USP8 expression, but miR-511-3p mimic promoted USP8 expression, while this promotion was rescued by pcDNA3.1-AKT3. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, compared to mimic NC; ## P < 0.01, compared to pcDNA3.1; & P < 0.05, &&& P < 0.001, compared to miR-511-3p mimic.

Article Snippet: The mouse microglia cell line BV2 cells (Procell, China, CL-0697) were resuscitated, seeded in six-well plates, added with DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS).

Techniques: Expressing, Inhibition

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-511-3p dysregulation-mediated AKT3/USP8 signaling imbalance: a molecular bridge between neuroinflammation and PSCI

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1766326

Figure Lengend Snippet: miR-511-3p inhibited inflammation by targeting AKT3/USP8 in the cell model. (A) The expression level of IL-1β was regulatory by miR-511-3p/AKT3/USP8. (B) The expression level of IL-6 was regulatory by miR-511-3p/AKT3/USP8. (C) The expression level of TNF-α was regulatory by miR-511-3p/AKT3/USP8. *** P < 0.001, compared to BV2; ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001, compared to BV2+OGD/R; & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01, &&& P < 0.001, compared to BV2+OGD/R+miR-511-3p mimic.

Article Snippet: The mouse microglia cell line BV2 cells (Procell, China, CL-0697) were resuscitated, seeded in six-well plates, added with DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS).

Techniques: Expressing